I am a Survivor: Experiences, Impacts and Coping Mechanisms of Filipino Victims of Sexual Violence
Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): June Issue
PDF

Keywords

Coping Mechanism
Gender-Based Violence
Sexual Violence
Sexual Abuse

How to Cite

Quing, K. A. (2021). I am a Survivor: Experiences, Impacts and Coping Mechanisms of Filipino Victims of Sexual Violence. Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies, 1(1), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.52631/jemds.v1i1.18

Abstract

Sexual violence is a catastrophic phenomenon that most women encounter worldwide. However, the stigma surrounding the victims of sexual violence often leads to a culture of silence, causing the number of such cases to be underreported, leading to limited sexual violence-related studies. With this, the goal of this study is to contribute additional information on the experiences of Filipino victims with sexual violence, its impacts, and their coping mechanisms. Ten Filipino women, who were victims of sexual violence, were interviewed in this study. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the gathered data. Themes on their experiences, the effects of sexual violence, and their coping mechanisms were formulated and presented in this study. The study showed that the most common type of sexual violence experienced by the participants was rape. They also reported feelings of fear during and after the abuse. Feelings of shame and guilt were also experienced, which kept them silent about their negative experiences. Experiencing sexual violence can have negative impacts on an individual's total well–being. To cope with these adverse experiences, they sought support from their families and friends. Some confronted their problems and even employed positive reappraisal, while some used avoidance coping.

https://doi.org/10.52631/jemds.v1i1.18
PDF

References

Aakvaag, H. F. (2016). Violence, revictimization and trauma-related shame and guilt. An investigation of event characteristics and mental health correlates among violence exposed men and women from the general population and among young survivors of a terrorist attack. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/51986

Aakvaag, H. F., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Dyb, G., Røysamb, E., & Olff, M. (2016, November). Broken and guilty since it happened: A population study of trauma-related shame and guilt after violence and sexual abuse. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 16–23. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0165032716301124 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.004

Akkermann, K., Kaasik, K., Kiive, E., Nordquist, N., Oreland, L., & Harro, J. (2012, January). The impact of adverse life events and the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on the development of eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(1), 38–43. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0022395611002184 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.013

Ali, T., Dunmore, E., Clark, D., & Ehlers, A. (2002, July). THE ROLE OF NEGATIVE BELIEFS IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A COMPARISON OF ASSAULT VICTIMS AND NON VICTIMS. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(3), 249–257. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ identifier/S1352465802003016/type/journal_article doi: 10.1017/S1352465802003016

Al Odhayani, A., Watson, W. J., & Watson, L. (2013, August). Behavioural consequences of child abuse. Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien, 59(8), 831–836.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition ed.). American

Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi .books.9780890425596 doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Ashbaughm, L. P., & Cornell, D. G. (2008, February). Sexual Harassment and Bullying Behaviors in Sixth-Graders. Journal of School Violence, 7(2), 21–38. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1300/ J202v07n02_03 doi: 10.1300/J202v07n0203

Asscher, J. J., Van der Put, C. E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2015, February). Gender Differences in the Impact of Abuse and Neglect Victimization on Adolescent Offending Behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 30(2), 215–225. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10896-014-9668-4 doi: 10.1007/s10896-014-9668-4

Avegno, J., Mills, T. J., & Mills, L. D. (2009, October). Sexual Assault Victims in the Emergency Department: Analysis by Demographic and Event Characteristics. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(3), 328–334. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0736467907008724 doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.025

Ba, I., & Bhopal, R. (2017, January). Physical, mental and social consequences in civilians who have experienced war-related sexual violence: a systematic review (1981–2014). Public Health, 142, 121–135. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033350616301901 doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.07.019

Baqutayan, S. M. S. (2015, March). Stress and Coping Mechanisms: A Historical Overview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/ 5927 doi: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479

Basile, K. C., & Saltzman, L. E. (2002). Sexual violence surveillance; uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Retrieved from https:// stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6545 Report.

Beck, J. G., McNiff, J., Clapp, J. D., Olsen, S. A., Avery, M. L., & Hagewood, J. H. (2011, December). Exploring Negative Emotion in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Shame, Guilt, and PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 740–750. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005789411000542 doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.001

Bennice, J. A., Resick, P. A., Mechanic, M., & Astin, M. (2003, February). The relative effects of intimate partner physical and sexual violence on post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Violence and Victims, 18(1), 87–94. doi: 10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.87

Bentall, R. P., & Fernyhough, C. (2008, November). Social predictors of psychotic experiences: specificity and psychological mechanisms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1012–1020. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn103

Bloom, S. L. (2003). Understanding the Impact of Sexual Assault : The nature of traumatic experience.

Boyd, C. (2011). The impacts of sexual assault on women. Melbourne: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/publications/impacts-sexual-assault-women

Branscombe, N. R., Wohl, M. J. A., Owen, S., Allison, J. A., & N’gbala, A. (2003, December). Counterfactual Thinking, Blame Assignment, and Well-Being in Rape Victims. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(4), 265–273. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1207/S15324834BASP2504_1 doi: 10.1207/S15324834BASP25041

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006, January). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Brewin, C. R. (2014). Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 69–97. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm ?doi=10.1037/a0033722 doi: 10.1037/a0033722

Brewin, C. R. (2015, December). Re-experiencing traumatic events in PTSD: new avenues in research on intrusive memories and flashbacks. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 27180. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180 doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180

Brooker, C., & Durmaz, E. (2015, April). Mental health, sexual violence and the work of Sexual Assault Referral centres (SARCs) in England. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 31, 47–51. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1752928X15000141 doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.01.006 Brown, A. (2009). Touch me not: protecting children from abuse. publisher: UNICEF Philippines.

Caldwell, B. A., & Redeker, N. (2005, January). SLEEP AND TRAUMA: AN OVERVIEW. Issues in Mental

Health Nursing, 26(7), 721–738. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/ 01612840591008294 doi: 10.1080/01612840591008294

CNN Philippines. (2017). The invisible ways we experience sexual harassment. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2017/03/28/sexual-harassment-policies.html

Council for the Welfare of Children & UNICEF . (2016). National baseline study on violence against children: Philippines. publisher: UNICEF Philippines.

Crockford, C., Deschner, T., & Wittig, R. (2018). The role of oxytocin in social buffering: What do primate studies add? Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 35, 155-173.

Cruz, D. (2016). The many faces of sexual harassment in PH. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.rappler.com/ newsbreak/iq/sexual-harassment-philippines

Cuason, S. (2009). Concerns, concepts, and coping of male survivors of child sexual abuse : basis for counseling intervention [Dissertation]. De La Salle University, Manila.

Cullen, S. (2017). The resilience of abused children and women. The Manila Times.

Cunniff Gilson, E. (2016, September). Vulnerability and Victimization: Rethinking Key Concepts in Feminist Discourses on Sexual Violence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 42(1), 71–98. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/686753 doi: 10.1086/686753

de Aquino Ferreira, L. F., Queiroz Pereira, F. H., Neri Benevides, A. M. L., & Aguiar Melo, M. C. (2018, April). Borderline personality disorder and sexual abuse: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 262, 70–77. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178117312921 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.043

Donovan, E. (2011). The Blame Game: Rape and Bullying in Teen America | Psychology Today. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/youth-and-tell/201106/the-blame-game-rape-and -bullying-in-teen-america publisher: Psychology Today.

Edwards, K. M., Probst, D. R., Tansill, E. C., Dixon, K. J., Bennett, S., & Gidycz, C. A. (2014, September). In Their Own Words: A Content-Analytic Study of College Women’s Resistance to Sexual Assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(14), 2527–2547. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260513520470 doi: 10.1177/0886260513520470

EvaJenný, (2017). Survivors of Sexual Violence Confronting their Perpetrators. ReykjavikUniversity. Retrieved from https:// skemman.is/bitstream/1946/28387/1/Survivors%20Confronting%20Perpetrators.pdf

Feiring, C., Simon, V. A., & Cleland, C. M. (2009, February). Childhood sexual abuse, stigmatization, internalizing symptoms, and the development of sexual difficulties and dating aggression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,

(1), 127–137. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0013475 doi: 10.1037/a0013475

Feiring, C., & Taska, L. S. (2005, November). The Persistence of Shame Following Sexual Abuse: A Longitudinal Look at Risk and Recovery. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 337–349. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/10.1177/1077559505276686 doi: 10.1177/1077559505276686

Feldman, D. (2018). Why Do People Blame the Victim? Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/ us/blog/supersurvivors/201803/why-do-people-blame-the-victim publisher: Psychology Today.

Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985, October). The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 530–541. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi= 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb02703.x doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb02703.x

Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1988). Assessing the long-term impact of child sexual abuse: A review and conceptualization. In (p. 270-284). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.

Folk, J., & Folk, M. (2018). Anxiety and Nocturnal Enuresis. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.anxietycentre.com/faq/anxiety-and-nocturnal-enuresis/

Freeman, D. (2007, May). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(4), 425–457. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272735806001553 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004

Fulkerson, A. (2014, 01). Defenses, excuses and rationalizations of perpetrators of sex offenses against children. Journal of International Criminal Justice Research, 1-22.

Garcia, C. (2009, December). Conceptualization and Measurement of Coping During Adolescence: A Review of the Literature: Coping measurement in Adolescent Research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(2), 166–185. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01327.x doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01327.x

Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J. (2009, January). The Role of Mindfulness in Positive Reappraisal. EXPLORE, 5(1), 37–44. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830708003212 doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2008.10.001

Goldstein, L. A., Dinh, J., Donalson, R., Hebenstreit, C. L., & Maguen, S. (2017, March). Impact of military trauma exposures on posttraumatic stress and depression in female veterans. Psychiatry Research, 249, 281–285. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178116311787 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.009

Gonzalez-Fernando, P. (2000). Pagkatao, pagkababae, at seksuwalidad (Self-concept, womanhood, and sexuality): A phenomenologjcal study of the inner world of the girl child prostitute. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 33, 67–91.

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004, March). Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://link.springer.com/10.1023/B: JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94

Hall, M., & Hall, J. (2011). The long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse: Counseling implications..

Hardy, A. (2017, May). Pathways from Trauma to Psychotic Experiences: A Theoretically Informed Model of Posttraumatic Stress in Psychosis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 697. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journal.frontiersin.org/ article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00697/full doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00697

Hassan, M., Killion, C., Lewin, L., Totten, V., & Gary, F. (2015, June). Gender-Related Sexual Abuse Experiences Reported by Children Who Were Examined in an Emergency Department. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(3), 148–154. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883941715000400 doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2015.01.006

Heidt, J. M., Marx, B. P., & Forsyth, J. P. (2005, September). Tonic immobility and childhood sexual abuse: a preliminary report evaluating the sequela of rape-induced paralysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(9), 1157–1171. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005796704002220 doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.005

Hellawell, S. J., & Brewin, C. R. (2004, January). A comparison of flashbacks and ordinary autobiographical memories of trauma: content and language. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(1), 1–12. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005796703000883 doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00088-3

Henry, N. (2018). The difference between rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/culture/article/2018/06/14/difference-between-rape -sexual-assault-and-sexual-harassment publisher: SBS.

Herman, J. L. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a shame disorder. In R. L. Dearing & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Shame in the therapy hour. (pp. 261–275). Washington: American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://content.apa.org/books/12326-011 doi: 10.1037/12326-011

Human Security Report. (2012). Sexual violence, education, and war: beyond the mainstream narrative. Canada: Simon Fraser University. OCLC: 844460954.

Jina, R., & Thomas, L. S. (2013, February). Health consequences of sexual violence against women. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 15–26. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S1521693412001344 doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.012

Josse, E. (2010, March). ‘They came with two guns’: the consequences of sexual violence for the mental health of women in armed conflicts. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(877), 177–195. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1816383110000251/type/journal_article doi: 10.1017/S1816383110000251

Kalaf, J., Coutinho, E. S. F., Vilete, L. M. P., Luz, M. P., Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M., ... Figueira, I. (2017, June). Sexual trauma is more strongly associated with tonic immobility than other types of trauma – A population based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 215, 71–76. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0165032716317220 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.009

Kerig, P., & Becker, S. (2010, 01). From internalizing to externalizing: Theoretical models of the processes linking ptsd to juvenile delinquency. In (p. 33-78).

Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692–700. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/ getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.692 doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.692

Kimble, M. (Ed.). (2000). Viktor Frankl’s contribution to spirituality and aging. New York: Haworth Pastoral Press.

Klot, J. F., Auerbach, J. D., & Berry, M. R. (2013, February). Sexual Violence and HIV Transmission: Summary Proceedings of a Scientific Research Planning Meeting. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 69, 5–19. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/aji.12033 doi: 10.1111/aji.12033

Kraaij, V., Arensman, E., Garnefski, N., & Kremers, I. (2007, December). The Role of Cognitive Coping in Female Victims of Stalking. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(12), 1603–1612. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260507306499 doi: 10.1177/0886260507306499

Krok, D. (2015, December). The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological WellBeing. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(6), 2292–2308. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://link.springer.com/ 10.1007/s10943-014-9983-3 doi: 10.1007/s10943-014-9983-3

Kullima, A., Kawuwa, M., Audu, B., Mairiga, A., & Bukar, M. (2012, October). O378 SEXUAL ASSAULT AGAINST FEMALE NIGERIAN STUDENTS. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 119, S394–S395. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/S0020-7292%2812%2960808-X doi: 10.1016/S00207292(12)60808-X

Lane, J. (2012, March). Theoretical explanations for gender differences in fear of crime. In Routledge International Handbook of Crime and Gender Studies. Routledge. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/ 9780203832516 doi: 10.4324/9780203832516.ch3

Larson, M. (2011). Healing the Hurt of Battered Wives. Retrieved from http://powertochange.com/experience/life/ batteredwives

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Pub. Co.

Leeb, R. T., Barker, L. E., & Strine, T. W. (2007, June). The Effect of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse on Adolescent Weapon Carrying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(6), 551–558. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X07000201 doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.006

Lonsway, K. A., & Archambault, J. (2017). Victim Impact: How victims are affected by Sexual Assault and how law enforcement can respond.

Lopez, J. P., Chua, A. G., & Guzman, M. (2004). Surviving rape: Profile and coping reactions of filipino rape survivors seen at the up-pgh women’s desk from january 1999 to december 2000. Review of Women’s Studies, 14.

Manapsal,J.P.,Mariano,G.L.,Mayuga,S.M.A.,&Lejano,P.Y. (2017,April). Coping Mechanism, Inspiration, and aspiration of Women Survivors of Abuse. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 5(4). Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijhss/article/view/125326

Martz, E., & Livneh, H. (Eds.). (2007). Coping with chronic illness and disability: theoritical, empirical, and clinical aspects. New York: Springer.

Mason, F., & Lodrick, Z. (2013, February). Psychological consequences of sexual assault. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 27–37. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S152169341200137X doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.015

McCrann, D. (2017). An Exploratory Study of Child Sexual Abuse in Tanzania. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// arrow.dit.ie/appadoc/76/ doi: 10.21427/D78M99

McFarlane, J., & Malecha, A. (2005). Sexual Assault Among Intimates: Frequency, Consequences and Treatments (Tech. Rep.). Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/sexual-assault-among-intimates-frequency-consequences-and-treatments

McLean, L. M., & Gallop, R. (2003, February). Implications of Childhood Sexual Abuse for Adult Borderline Personality Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 369–371. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.369 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.369

McLeod, S. (2008). Qualitative vs Quantitative Research. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html

Menon, P., Chaudhari, B., Saldanha, D., Devabhaktuni, S., & Bhattacharya, L. (2016). Childhood sexual abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 25(1), 101. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http:// www.industrialpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2016/25/1/101/196046 doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.196046

Mitchell, D. (2004). How problem focused and emotion focused coping affects college students’ perceived stress and life satisfaction [Master’s Thesis]. Ohio University.

Mondin, T. C., Cardoso, T. d. A., Jansen, K., Konradt, C. E., Zaltron, R. F., Behenck, M. d. O., ... Silva, R. A. d. (2016, March). Sexual violence, mood disorders and suicide risk: a population-based study. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 21(3),853–860. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextŹpid=S1413 -81232016000300853Źlng=enŹtlng=en doi: 10.1590/1413-81232015213.10362015

Morales, Y. (2017). One person raped per hour in PH — report. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://cnnphilippines.com/ news/2017/03/07/One-person-raped-per-hour-in-PH.html publisher: CNN Philippines.

Möller, A., Söndergaard, H. P., & Helström, L. (2017, August). Tonic immobility during sexual assault - a common reaction predicting post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 932–938. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/aogs.13174 doi: 10.1111/aogs.13174 National Sexual Violence Resource Center . (2010). Impact of Sexual Abuse (Tech. Rep.).

Neacsiu, A. D., Fang, C. M., Rodriguez, M., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2018, February). Suicidal Behavior and Problems with Emotion Regulation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(1), 52–74. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sltb.12335 doi: 10.1111/sltb.12335

Negrao, C., Bonanno, G. A., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (2005, November). Shame, Humiliation, and Childhood Sexual Abuse: Distinct Contributions and Emotional Coherence. Child Maltreatment,10(4),350–363. Retrieved2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077559505279366 doi: 10.1177/1077559505279366

Neilson, E. C., Norris, J., Bryan, A. E. B., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2017, July). Sexual Assault Severity and Depressive Symptoms as Longitudinal Predictors of the Quality of Women’s Sexual Experiences. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(5), 463–478. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208127 doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208127

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008, September). Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x

Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., Susman, E. J., & Putnam, F. W. (2006, June). Sleep Disturbances and Childhood Sexual Abuse. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(5), 469–480. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/ article/31/5/469/876405/Sleep-Disturbances-and-Childhood-Sexual-Abuse doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj040

Ntoumanis, N., Edmunds, J., & Duda, J. L. (2009, May). Understanding the coping process from a self-determination theory perspective. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 249–260. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley .com/10.1348/135910708X349352 doi: 10.1348/135910708X349352 Oaklander, M. (2016, March). Why We Cry. Time, 187(8), 68–70, 72.

Olukemi, A. A., & Folakemi, O. C. (2015). Culture of silence and wave of sexual violence in nigeria. American Association for Science and Technology Journal of Education, 1, 31-37.

Pan, J. D. P., Lee, C.-Y., Chang, S.-H., & Jiang, J.-R. K. (2012). Using prayer and scripture in a Christian-based stress-coping support group for church attendances: implications for professionals. The journal of pastoral care & counseling: JPCC, 66(3-4), 4.

Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978, March). The Structure of Coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19(1), 2. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2136319?origin=crossref doi: 10.2307/2136319

Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). [No title found]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 551–603. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1020641400589 doi: 10.1023/A:1020641400589

Phanichrat, T., & Townshend, J. M. (2010, January). Coping Strategies Used by Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse on the Journey to Recovery. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(1), 62–78. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10538710903485617 doi: 10.1080/10538710903485617

Philippine Commission on Women. (2009). Violence Against Women. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://pcw.gov.ph/ violence-against-women/ publisher:.

Racidon P. Bernarte, Quennie Marie M. Acedegbega, Mariah Louise A. Fadera, & Hanna Jemima G. Yopyop. (2018). Violence Against Women in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 6(1), 117–124. Retrieved from http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/APJMR-2017.6.1.15a.pdf

Rahm, G. B., Renck, B., & Ringsberg, K. C. (2006, February). ’Disgust, disgust beyond description’- shame cues to detect shame in disguise, in interviews with women who were sexually abused during childhood. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental

Health Nursing, 13(1), 100–109. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006 .00927.x doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00927.x

Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network . (2018). Effects of Sexual Violence. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.rainn.org/effects-sexual-violence

Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors, 2nd ed. (2005). New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.

Rizvi, S. L., Kaysen, D., Gutner, C. A., Griffin, M. G., & Resick, P. A. (2008, June). Beyond Fear: The Role of Peritraumatic Responses in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Female Crime Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(6), 853–868. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10 .1177/0886260508314851 doi: 10.1177/0886260508314851

Rodriguez, F. (2015). Monsters under my bed: Sexual abuse and minor girls. publisher: Rappler.

Rodriguez, T. J. (2011, January). Psychological Well-Being and Coping Mechanisms of Battered Women. Asian Journal of Health, 1(1). Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://asianscientificjournals.com/new/publication/index .php/ajoh/article/view/158 doi: 10.7828/ajoh.v1i1.158

Roller, C., Martsolf, D. S., Draucker, C. B., & Ross, R. (2009, March). The Sexuality of Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors. International Journal of Sexual Health, 21(1), 49–60. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/19317610802661870 doi: 10.1080/19317610802661870

Roncaglia, I. (2014, October). Coping Styles: A Better Understanding of Stress and Anxiety in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Conditions Through Sport and Exercise Models. Psychological Thought, 7(2), 134–143. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://psyct.psychopen.eu/article/view/115 doi: 10.5964/psyct.v7i2.115

Roopesh, B. N. (2016). Child Sexual Abuse in a Trusted Relationship: Trauma or Confusion? In S. Deb (Ed.), Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being (pp. 75–81). New Delhi: Springer India. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-81-322-2425-9_6 doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-2425-96

Ryan, K. (2013). ). How problem focused and emotion focused coping affects college students’ perceived stress and life satisfaction. DBS School of Arts.

Saarijärvi, S., Salminen, J., & Toikka, T. (2006). Temporal Stability of Alexithymia Over a Five-Year Period in Outpatients with Major Depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(2), 107–112. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// www.karger.com/Article/FullText/90895 doi: 10.1159/000090895

Schoedl, A. F., Costa, M. C. P., Mari, J. J., Mello, M. F., Tyrka, A. R., Carpenter, L. L., & Price, L. H. (2010, March). The Clinical Correlates of Reported Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Association Between Age at Trauma Onset and Severity of Depression and PTSD in Adults. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(2), 156–170. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10538711003615038 doi: 10.1080/10538711003615038

Schoenmakers, E. C., van Tilburg, T. G., & Fokkema, T. (2015, June). Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping options and loneliness: how are they related? European Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 153–161. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http:// link.springer.com/10.1007/s10433-015-0336-1 doi: 10.1007/s10433-015-0336-1

Sebaeng, J. M., Davhana-Maselesele, M., & Manyedi, E. (2016, February). Experiences of women who reported sexual assault at a provincial hospital, South Africa. Curationis, 39(1), 7 pages. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.curationis.org.za/index.php/curationis/article/view/1668 doi: 10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1668

Skinner,E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003, March). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216

Steine, I. M., Harvey, A. G., Krystal, J. H., Milde, A. M., Grønli, J., Bjorvatn, B., ... Pallesen, S. (2012, February). Sleep disturbances in sexual abuse victims: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(1), 15–25. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087079211000086 doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.006

Sugue-Castillo, M. (2009, March). Legal outcomes of sexually abused children evaluated at the Philippine General Hospital Child Protection Unit. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(3), 193–202. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0145213409000283 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.004

Tarzia, L., Maxwell, S., Valpied, J., Novy, K., Quake, R., & Hegarty, K. (2017, October). Sexual violence associated with poor mental health in women attending Australian general practices. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(5), 518–523. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1753-6405.12685 doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12685

TeBockhorst, S. F., O’Halloran, M. S., & Nyline, B. N. (2015). Tonic immobility among survivors of sexual assault. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(2), 171–178. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/ getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0037953 doi: 10.1037/a0037953

Thomas, R., DiLillo, D., Walsh, K., & Polusny, M. A. (2011, April). Pathways from child sexual abuse to adult depression: The role of parental socialization of emotions and alexithymia. Psychology of Violence, 1(2), 121–135. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0022469 doi: 10.1037/a0022469

Toussaint, L. L., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2016, October). Forgiveness, Stress, and Health: a 5-Week Dynamic Parallel Process Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(5), 727–735. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/50/5/727-735/4562559 doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9796-6

University of the Philippines Manila, The University of Edinburgh, Child Protection Network Foundation, & UNICEF Philippines . (2016). A Systematic Literature Review of the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children in the The Philippines.

Vidal, M. E., & Petrak, J. (2007, May). Shame and adult sexual assault: a study with a group of female survivors recruited from an East London population. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 22(2), 159–171. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14681990600784143 doi: 10.1080/14681990600784143

Wall, L., Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, & Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2012). The many facets of shame in intimate partner sexual violence. Melbourne, Vic.: Australian Institute of Family Studies. OCLC: 777386272.

Walsh, K., Fortier, M. A., & DiLillo, D. (2010, January). Adult coping with childhood sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 1–13. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S135917890900072X doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.009

Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs . (n.d.). What is Sexual Assault? Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https:// www.wcsap.org/help/about-sexual-assault/what-sexual-assault

Weber, H. (2001). Stress Management Programs. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 15184–15190). Elsevier. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ B0080430767038900 doi: 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03890-0

Widom, C. S., & Maxfield, M. G. (2001). An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Research in Brief. NIJ Research in Brief. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/update-cycle-violence-research-brief

Wilson, J. P., Droždek, B., & Turkovic, S. (2006, April). Posttraumatic Shame and Guilt. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(2), 122–141. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1524838005285914 doi:10.1177/1524838005285914

Wolgast, M., Lundh, L.-G., & Viborg, G. (2013, September). Experiential Avoidance as an Emotion Regulatory Function: An

Empirical Analysis of Experiential Avoidance in Relation to Behavioral Avoidance, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Response Suppression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(3), 224–232. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://www.tandfonline .com/doi/abs/10.1080/16506073.2013.773059 doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.773059

Wong, J. S., & Balemba, S. (2018, July). The Effect of Victim Resistance on Rape Completion: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(3), 352–365. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/ 1524838016663934 doi: 10.1177/1524838016663934

Wong, P. T. P. (2016). Meaning-Seeking, Self-Transcendence, and Well-being. In A. Batthyány (Ed.), Logotherapy and Existential Analysis (Vol. 1, pp. 311–321). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-29424-7_27 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29424-727

World Health Organization. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf

World Health Organization. (2013). Violence against women: Intimate partner and sexual violence against women. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

Xu, Y., Olfson, M., Villegas, L., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Liu, S.-M., & Blanco, C. (2013, September). A Characterization of Adult Victims of Sexual Violence: Results From the National Epidemiological Survey for Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 76(3), 223–240. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http:// guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.3.223 doi: 10.1521/psyc.2013.76.3.223

Young, A. M., Boyd, C., & Hubbell, A. (2001, July). Social Isolation & Sexual Abuse Among Women Who Smoke Crack. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 39(7), 12–20. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/0279-3695-20010701-10 doi: 10.3928/0279-3695-20010701-10

Zinzow, H. M., Amstadter, A. B., McCauley, J. L., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011, August). Self-rated Health in Relation to Rape and Mental Health Disorders in a National Sample of College Women. Journal of American

College Health, 59(7), 588–594. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/ 07448481.2010.520175 doi: 10.1080/07448481.2010.520175

Zinzow, H. M., Resnick, H. S., Amstadter, A. B., McCauley, J. L., Ruggiero, K. J., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010, December). Drugor Alcohol-Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape in Relationship to Mental Health Among a National Sample of Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(12), 2217–2236. Retrieved 2021-07-02, from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260509354887 doi: 10.1177/0886260509354887

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...